At a global scale, consumption of mushrooms has increased from 1 to 4.7 kg of cultivated edible mushrooms per capita in the period 1997 to 2013 (Royse et al. This market represents medicinal mushrooms (38%) and wild (8%) and cultivated edible (54%) mushrooms.
Mushrooms represented a market of 63 billion US dollars in 2013 (Royse et al. This would not only result in edible and/or medicinal mushrooms but also in spent mushroom substrate (SMS) that can be used for a wide variety of applications. Growing mushroom-forming fungi on these substrates may prove more sustainable. As such, it can contribute to the aim of the European Union to have 10% of the transport fuel originating from renewable sources by 2020 ( Although use of resources for production of second-generation biofuels does not compete with food, this may not be the most circular application. For instance, lignocellulosic waste streams can be converted into second-generation biofuels. 2011) could have been used in a wide variety of applications. The 0.25 billion tons of straw that were burned in China alone in 2009 (Feng et al. In this view, agricultural waste streams are no longer considered a debit entry but are considered valuable resources. The transition to a circular economy has shifted from a vision (Boulding 1966) to actual policy making.
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